These growing burdens in developing countries are caused by not only etiological factors but also risk factors such as genetics, population growth and ageing, urbanisation, and the adoption of new lifestyles (smoking, alcoholism, and lack of physical exercise).
In Africa and more particularly in Cameroon, its incidence in 2018 has been estimated at 148 cases against 89 cases of death. Melanomas which are not of epithelial origin develop from neural crest-derived pigmented melanocytes. About 96480 new cases of melanoma have been diagnosed (57220 in men and 39260 in women) and 7230 cases of death (4740 in men and 2490 in women) from this disease in the United States in 2019 according to the work of Siegel et al.
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Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. There are more than a hundred different cancers depending on the organ affected. WHO Bulletin in 2018 reports 15769 cases of cancer detected against 10533 cases of deaths or more than half of the incidence in Cameroon. It is recognized as the leading and the second leading cause of death, respectively, in economically developed and developing countries.
The latest World Health Organization (WHO) global data show 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. Our study suggests that PCFE may be useful for managing the growth and metastasis of melanoma.Ĭancer is increasingly recognized as a critical public health problem worldwide, specifically in some parts of Africa where people are poor and do not have the financial means to obtain adequate treatment even though the survival rates are lower compared to other countries. In vivo results showed that PCFE (100 mg/kg body weight) reduced tumor size in C57BL/6J mice along with the decrease in the expression of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) tubes as well as an improvement in the qualitative and quantitative expression of markers involved in EMT. Our results showed that PCFE alone and in association with dacarbazine has a good activity in preventing B16-F10 melanoma cell progression and clonogenicity. Phytochemical screening of PCFE reveals the presence of certain secondary metabolites. The alteration of EMT was evaluated by targeting E-cadherin, vimentin, and CD133 in PCFE alone and in combination with dacarbazine-treated tumor tissues by western blot analysis. For in vivo studies, C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously injected with B16-F10 cells (5 × 10 5 cells/mL), and the effect of PCFE and dacarbazine was studied on tumor development. Wound healing assay, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the individual and combined effect of PCFE and dacarbazine on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cytotoxic effects of PCFE alone and in association with dacarbazine on B16-F10 cells were studied by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and colony formation assay. The present study aims to investigate the effect of Piper capense fruit extract (PCFE) alone and in combination with dacarbazine on metastatic melanoma cell line B16-F10 and in vivo in C57BL/6J mice. Piper capense belongs to Piperaceae family and has long been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases in several parts of Africa.
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